Bio 210 Chapter Objectives

Bio 210 Chapter 1 Objectives - Introduction

1. Define anatomy and physiology, and name several subdisciplines of these sciences.
2. Describe the levels of structural organization that make up the human body.
3. List the eleven systems of the human body, the organs present in each, and their general functions.
4. Define the important life processes of the human body.
5. Define homeostasis and explain its relationship to interstitial fluid.
6. Describe the components of a feedback system.
7. Contrast the operation of negative and positive feedback systems.
8. Explain why homesostatic imbalances causes disorders.
9. Describe some of the effects of aging.
10. Describe the orientation of the body in the anatomical position.
11. Relate the common names to the corresponding anatomical descriptive terms for various regions of the human body.
12. Describe the major body cavities, the organs they contain, and their associated linings.
13. Define the anatomical planes and sections used to describe the human body.
14. Define each directional term used to describe the human body.
15. Describe the principles and importance of medical imaging procedures in the evaluation of organ functions and the diagnosis of disease.

Bio 210 Chapter 2 Objectives - Chemistry

1. Identify the main chemical elements of the human body.

2. Describe the structures of atoms, ions, molecules, free radicals, and compounds.

3. Describe how valence electrons from chemical bonds.

4. Distinguish among ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.

5. Define a chemical reaction.

6. Describe the various forms of energy.

7. Compare exergonic and endergonic chemical reactions.

8. Describe the role of activation energy and catalysts in chemical reactions.

9. Describe synthesis, decomposition, exchange, and reversible reactions.

10. Describe the properties of water and inorganic acids, bases, and salts.

11. Distinguish among solutions, colloids, and suspensions.

12. Define pH and explain the role of buffer systems in homeostasis.

13. Describe the functional groups of organic molecules.

14. Identify the building blocks and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, enzymes, DNA, RNA, and ATP.

Bio 210 Chapter 3 Objectives - The Cellular Level of Organization

1. Define cell and list and describe the three major parts of a cell.
2. Define plasma membrane and describe the structure of the fluid mosaic model.
3. Describe the processes that transport substances across the plasma membrane.
4. Describe the structure and function of cytoplasm, cytosol, and organelles.
5. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus.
6. Describe the sequence of events that take place during protein synthesis.
7. Discuss the stages, events, and significance of somatic cell division.
8. Describe the signals that induce cell division.
9. Describe the cellular changes that occur with aging.

Bio 210 Chapter 4 Objectives - Tissue: The Living Fabric

1. Name the four major tissue types in the body and describe the characteristics of each.
2. Describe the structure and functions of the five main types of cell junctions.
3. Describe the general functions of epithelial tissues.
4. For each different type so epithelium, list its location, structure, and function.
5. Describe the general features of connective tissue.
6. Describe the structure, location, and function of the various types of connective tissues.
7. Define a membrane.
8. Describe the classification of membranes.
9. Describe the general features of muscle tissue.
10. Contrast the structure, location, and mode of control of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue.
11. Describe the structural features and functions of nervous tissue.
12. Describe the role of tissue repair in restoring homeostasis.
13. Describe the effects of aging on tissues.

Bio 210 Chapter 5 Objectives - The Integumentary System

1. Describe the layers of the epidermis and the cells that compose them.
2. Compare the composition of the papillary and reticular regions of the dermis.
3. Explain the basis for different skin colors.
4. Contrast the structure, distribution, and functions o hair, skin glands, and nails.
5. Describe how the skin contributes to regulation of body temperature, protection, sensation, excretion, and absorption, and synthesis of vitamin D.
6. Explain how epidermal and deep wounds heal.
7. Describe the development of the epidermis, its accessory structures, and the dermis.
8. Describe the effects of aging on the integumentary system.

Bio 210 Chapter 6 Objectives - Bone Tissue

1. List the functions of the skeletal system.
2. Describe the parts of a long bone.
3. Describe the histological features of bone tissue.
4. Describe the blood and nerve supply of bone.
5. Describe the steps of intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
6. Describe how bone grows in length and thickness.
7. Explain the role of nutrients and hormones in regulating bone growth.
8. Describe the process involved in bone remodeling.
9. Describe the sequence of events in repair of a fracture.
10. Describe the role of bone in calcium homeostasis.
11. Describe how exercise and mechanical stress affect bone tissue.
12. Describe the development of the skeletal system and the limbs.
13. Describe the effects of aging on bone tissue.

1. Describe how the skeleton is divided into axial and appendicular divisions.
2. Describe the principal surface markings on bones and the functions of each.
3. Name the cranial and facial bones and indicate the number of each.
4. Describe the following special features of the skull:  sutures, paranasal sinuses, and fontanels.
5. Describe the relationship of the hyoid bone to the skull.
6. Identify the regions and normal curves of the vertebral column and describe its structural and functional features.
7. Identify the bones of the thorax.

Bio 210 Chapter 8 Objectives - The Appendicular Skeleton

1. Identify the bones of the pectoral girdle and their principal makings.
2. Identify the bones of the upper limb and their principal markings.
3. Identify the bones of the pelvic girdle and their principal markings.
4. Compare the principal structural differences between female and male pelves.
5. Describe the differences in the pectoral and pelvic girdles.
6. Identify the bones of the lower limb and their principal markings.

1. Describe the structural and functional classification of joints.
2. Describe the structure and functions of the three types of fibrous joints.
3. Describe the structure and functions of the two types of cartilaginous joints.
4. Describe the structure of synovial joints.
5. Describe the six subtypes of synovial joints.
6. Describe the structure and function of bursae and tendon sheaths.
7. Describe the types of movements that can occur at synovial joints.
8. Describe the anatomical components of the following joints:  shoulder, elbow, knee, and hip.
9. Describe the five factors that influence the types of movement and range of motion possible at a synovial joint.
10. Explain the effects of aging on joints.

1. Correlate the three types of muscle tissue with their functions and special properties.

2. Explain the relation of  connective tissue components, blood vessels, and nerves to skeletal muscles.

3. Describe the microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber.

4. Outline the steps involved in the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction.

5. Describe how muscle action potentials arise at the neuromuscular junction.

6. Describe the reactions by which muscle fibers produce ATP.

7. Describe the structure and function of a motor unit.

8. Explain the phases of a twitch contraction.

9. Describe how frequency of stimulation affects muscle tension.

10. Compare the structure and function of the three types of skeletal muscle fibers.

11. Describe the effects of exercise on different types of skeletal muscle fibers.

12. Describe the main structural and functional characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue.

13. Describe the main structural and functional characteristics of smooth muscle tissue.

14. Explain how muscle fibers regenerate.

15. Describe the development of muscles.

16. Explain how aging affects skeletal muscle.

Bio 210 Chapter 11 Objectives - The Muscular System

1. Describe the relationship between bones and skeletal muscles in producing body movements.

2. Define lever and fulcrum, and compare the three types of levers based on location of the fulcrum, effort, and load.

3. Identify the types of fascicle arrangements in a skeletal muscle, and relate the arrangements to strength of contraction and range of motion.

4. Explain how the prime mover, antagonist, synergist, and fixator in a muscle group work together to produce movement.

5. Explain seven features used in naming skeletal muscles. 

Bio 210 Chapter 12 Objectives - Nervous Tissue

1. List the structures and basic functions of the nervous system.

2. Describe the organization of the nervous system.

3. Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia.

4. Distinguish between white and gray matter.

5. Describe the cellular properties that permit communication among neurons and effectors.

6. Compare the basic types of ion channels, and explain how they relate to action potentials and graded potentials.

7. Describe the factors that maintain a resting membrane potential.

8. List the sequence of events that generate an action potential.

9. Explain the events of signal transmission at a chemical synapse.

10. Distinguish between spatial and temporal summation.

11. Give examples of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, and describe how they act.

12. Describe the classes and functions of neurotransmitters.

13. Identify the various types of neural circuits in the nervous system.

14. Define plasticity and neurogenesis.

15. Describe the events involved in damage and repair of peripheral nerves.

Bio 210 Chapter 13 Objectives - The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

1. Describe the protective structures and the gross anatomical features of the spinal cord.

2. Describe the major sensory and motor tracts of the spinal cord.

3. Describe the functional components of a reflex arc and the ways reflexes maintain homeostasis.

4. Describe the components, connective tissue coverings, and branches of a spinal nerve.

5. Define plexus, and identify the distribution of nerves of the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses.

6. Describe the clinical significance of dermatomes.

Bio 210 Chapter 14 Objectives - The Brain and Cranial Nerves

1. Identify the major parts of the brain.

2. Describe how the brain is protected.

3. Explain the formation and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.

4. Describe the structures and functions of the brain stem.

5. Describe the structure and functions of the cerebellum.

6. Describe the components and functions of the diencephalon.

7. Describe the cortex, convolutions, fissures, and sulci of the cerebrum.

8. List and describe the lobes of the cerebrum.

9. Describe the nuclei that comprise the basal ganglia.

10. List the structures and describe the functions of the limbic system.

11. Describe the locations and functions of the sensory, association, and motor areas of the cerebral cortex.

12. Identify the cranial nerves by name and number, and give the functions of each.

Bio 210 Objectives for Chapter 15 - Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems

1. Define sensation, and discuss the components of sensation.

2. Describe the different ways to classify sensory receptors.

3. Describe the location and function of the receptors for tactile, thermal, and pain sensations.

4. Identify the receptors for proprioception and describe their functions.

5. Describe the location and functions of the primary somatosensory areas and primary motor areas of the cerebral cortex.

6. Describe the neuronal components and functions of the posterior column- medial lemiscus, the anterolateral, and the spinocerebellar pathways.

7. Identify the locations and functions of lower motor neurons.

8. Describe the four neural circuits that provide input to lower motor neurons.

9. Compare the locations and functions of the direct and indirect motor pathways.

10. Explain how the basal ganglia and cerebellum modulate movements.

11. Compare the integrative cerebral functions of wakefulness and sleep, and learning and memory.

Bio 210 Chapter 16 Objectives - The Special Senses

1. Describe the olfactory receptors and the neural pathway for olfaction.

2. Describe the gustatory receptors and the neural pathway for gustation.

3. List and describe the accessory structures of the eye and the structural components of the eyeball.

4. Discuss image formation by describing refraction, accommodation, and constriction of the pupil.

5. Describe the processing of visual signals in the retina and the neural pathway for vision.

6. Describe the anatomy of the structures in the three main regions of the ear.

7. List the major events in the physiology of hearing.

8. Identify the receptor organs for equilibrium, and describe how they function.

9. Describe the development of the eyes and ears.

Bio 210 Chapter 17 Objectives - The Autonomic Nervous System

1. Compare the structural and functional differences between the somatic and autonomic parts of the nervous system.

2. Describe preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the  autonomic nervous system.

3. Compare the anatomical components of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

4. Describe the neurotransmitters and receptors involved in autonomic responses.

5. Describe the major responses of the body to stimulation by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.

6. Describe the components of an autonomic reflex.

7. Explain the relationship of the hypothalamus to the ANS.