BIOLOGY 225 FINAL EXAM REVIEW

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You

• Know the major contributions of the following:
• Edward Jenner
• Robert Koch
• Joseph Lister
• Paul Ehrlich
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
• Pasteur

Chapter 2 Chemical Principles

• Enzyme structure and function
• Four major classes of organic compounds
• PH scale, formula

Chapter 4 Functional Anatomy of Procaryotic and Eucaryotic Cells

• Prokaryotic cell structure
• Functions of cell components
• Bacterial wall structure especially peptidoglycan
• The kinds of bacterial cell walls and their composition
• Cellular transport mechanisms
• Endospores - characteristics and functions
• The structure and function of flagella, axial filament and pili
• Mycoplasmas
• The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane
• Ribosomes in prokaryotic and eucaryotic cells
• How the functions of the mitochondria and nucleus in eucaryotic cells are carried out in procaryotic cells.

Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism

• Factors which affect enzyme activity - be able tinterpret graphs of temperature, ph, and substrate concentration
• Energy reserves available to a cell - what are they and how much energy do they store?
• The products of glycolysis.
• The final electron acceptors for:
• Aerobic respiration
• Anaerobic respiration
• Fermentation
• Trace a molecule of glucose through glycolysis, Krebs cycle and the electron transport system giving the outcome products.
• How the electron transport system receives electrons.
• How protein synthesis inhibitors work
• Important "products" of Krebs cycle

Chapter 6 Microbial Growth

• Classification of organisms based on thermal preference, oxygen requirements, osmotic pressure
• Components of culture media including characteristics of agar
• Types of culture media - basic, enriched selective, differential, reducing
• Bacterial growth curve

Chapter 7 The Control of Microbial Growth

• Match control methods with applications
• Which methods sterilize and which methods control
• Interpret a filter paper disk experiment - size/concentration
• Methods used to kill endospores
• Methods used to preserve bacteria

Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics

• The nature of the prokaryotic and eucaryotic chromosome
• Define Gene, genotype and phenotype on a molecular level
• DNA structure and replication
• Mechanisms for the transfer of DNA from one cell tanother
• Mechanisms of genetic change
• Match complementary bases tform DNA, mRNA, tRNA, and sequence of aminacids (using chart) - start codon, stop codons
• Give the functions of:
  • Reverse transcriptase
  • Restriction enzyme
  • DNA polymerase
• Know the series of events in protein synthesis

Chapter 9 Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology

• The definition of plasmid
• Recombinant DNA techniques
• How can they be used to produce human protein products?

Chapter 10 Classification of Microorganisms

• The five kingdoms
• The three domains
• Microbes that are obligate intracellular parasites.

Chapter 11 Bacteria

• General characteristics of major prokaryotic groups
• Morphological types of bacteria
• The use of Bergeys Manual.
• General types: gm+, gm-, ncell wall, unusual cell walls - Know how this applies to: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas, Mycoplasma, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Archaebacteria

Chapter 12 Fungi, Algae, Protozoa and Multicellular Parasites

• Transmission of fungal, protozoan, and helminthic disease
• Major characteristics of each of those groups
• Dimorphism in fungi

Chapter 13 Viruses

• General characteristics of viruses
• Specificity of viral infections
• Culturing techniques of viruses - the minimum requirements
• Bacteriophages
• Lytic versus lysogenic cycles
• Retrovirus replication - reverse transcriptase
• Slow viral, latent viral infection
• Diseases that may be caused by prions
• Oncogenic viruses
• The viruses that cause major diseases
• Why influenza viruses are difficult to control.

Chapters 14/15 Principles of Disease and Epidemiology/Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity

• Koch's postulates
• Types of toxins
• How to treat tetanus in the immunized person and the unimmunized person (hint passive, active immunity)
• The cause of botulism
• Virulence factors
• Factors of pathogenicity - invasiveness mechanisms versus toxin formation
• Viral cytopathic effects
• Damage by other parasites
• Portal of entry/exit
• Reservoirs of disease
• Carrier state
• How helminthic diseases are transmitted to humans

Chapter 16 Nonspecific Defenses of the Host

• Active/passive immunity
• The role of normal flora in protecting against disease.
• Match factors with appropriate line of defense
• Types of phagocytic cells
• Outcomes of complement (fixation) reaction
• Define Cytopathic effect
• Opsonization

Chapter 17 Specific Defenses of the Host: The Immune Response

• Types of immunity with examples
• Regions of antibodies and their functions
• Types of B and T cells and their functions
• Roles of Macrophages, Plasma cells, Natural Killer Cells
• General mechanisms of humoral and cellular immune response
• Anamnestic response (memory cells)

Chapter 18 Practical Applications of Immunology

• Types of vaccines
• Microbial material used in vaccines.

Chapter 19 Disorders Associated with the Immune System

• Type of allergic reactions and their outcomes
• Antibodies involved in the different kinds of allergic reactions
• Types and examples of adverse reactions of the immune system
• Blood typing reactions - ABO and Rh systems

Chapter 20 Antimicrobial Drugs

• General classification of chemotherapeutic agents
• Selective toxicity
• Identify the phase of the bacterial growth curve where an antibiotic would be most effective.
• Identify the kinds of microbes on which antimicrobial agents work best
• How drug resistance may be prevented/limited.

Extra credit: Organism Identification. Give the genus and species, spelled correctly, of the organism that is most often associated with the given disease.