Chapter 20 Objectives – Pregnancy, Growth and Development

 

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        When you can answer these objectives without looking them up in the notes or text book, you are probably ready to take the test on this chapter.

  1. Define pregnancy and tell how it results.
  2. Describe the factors that enhance the motility of sperm cells within the female reproductive tract.
  3. Describe where fertilization normally takes place.
  4. List the events that occur during fertilization
  5. Differentiate between and embryo and a fetus.
  6. Explain how the uterine wall is maintained during pregnancy.
  7. Describe the hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy.
  8. List the major events that occur during the embryonic stage of development.
  9. List the primary germ layers and tell what structures develop from each layer.
  10. Explain how substances are exchanged between the embryonic blood and maternal blood.
  11. Describe the structure of the placenta and explain how it forms.
  12. Give the functions of amniotic fluid and the yolk sac.
  13. List the major changes that characterize the fetal stage of development.
  14. Explain the significance of the foramen ovale.
  15. Explain how the fetal circulation allows blood to bypass the lungs.
  16. Give the function of the ductus ateriosus.
  17. Describe the role of oxytocin in labor.
  18. Describe how the mammary glands change during pregnancy.
  19. Explain what stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk and to deliver the milk to the ductile system of the mammary glands.
  20. Explain why the first breath of the infant must be forceful.
  21. Explain what a newborn uses for an energy supply during the first few days after birth.
  22. Describe the neonatal period.
  23. Tell how the kidneys of a newborn differ from those of an adult.
  24. Describe the changes that occur in the circulatory system of a newborn.